tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1904543396718604572024-03-14T13:12:56.190+03:00Ideas for Project ManagersReal Life Experience and Academic Researches on Project Management Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.comBlogger18125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-37952638106388297992021-09-04T16:10:00.001+03:002022-11-08T17:47:18.570+03:00CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">CERTIFICATION OF AUTHORSHIP</span>
I certify that I am the author of this blog and that any assistance I received in its preparation is fully acknowledged and fully disclosed in this assignment/paper/examination. I have also cited any sources (footnotes or endnotes) from which I used data, ideas, theories, or words, whether quoted directly or paraphrased. I further acknowledge that this written work has been prepared by myself specifically for this course.
<div style="text-align: left;"> Ali 13-01-2009</div></div>
<script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9618586184657789"
crossorigin="anonymous"></script>Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-70776816281602772732021-09-04T16:09:00.001+03:002022-11-08T17:48:19.264+03:00Material Approval Process<div class="WordSection1" style="page: WordSection1;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Although Materials acceptance is one of the most critical issues of Construction Management, many of the professionals in field show lack of capability of designing Material Approval Process for their projects.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);">Below the example of D&B contract Material Approval Process for enhancing those skills.</span></p><div style="height: 6px !important;"><table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="641" style="width: 641px !important; height: 10px !important; -webkit-transform-origin: 0px 0px !important; -webkit-transform: scale(0.6) !important; margin: 0px -256px -4px 0px !important;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 3.75pt;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><hr size="1" width="100%" noshade="" align="center" style="text-align: start;"></div><div style="height: 57.5px !important;"><table class="MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="729" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 770px !important; height: 115px !important; -webkit-transform-origin: 0px 0px !important; -webkit-transform: scale(0.5) !important; margin: 0px -385px -57px 0px !important;"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0cm;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 17px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br></span></p></td><td nowrap="" valign="top" style="padding: 11.25pt 11.25pt 0cm;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width="216" nowrap="" valign="top" style="width: 162pt; padding: 11.25pt 11.25pt 0cm;"></td><td nowrap="" valign="top" style="padding: 11.25pt 0cm 0cm 11.25pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br><o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr><tr><td nowrap="" colspan="3" style="padding: 0cm;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);"><br></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p x-apple-mail="wrapper" class="AppleTemporaryEdgeToEdgeParagraphElement" style="height: 310.5px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1px;"><img src="cid:3ADFD29B-AFF4-4B79-9C07-605311CB9D88" id="3ADFD29B-AFF4-4B79-9C07-605311CB9D88" border="0" width="100%" style="right: 0px; 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margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1px;"><img src="cid:536054DD-5262-4C9D-8212-53CD61FEB48C" id="536054DD-5262-4C9D-8212-53CD61FEB48C" border="0" width="100%" style="right: 0px; width: 414px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"></p><p x-apple-mail="wrapper" class="AppleTemporaryEdgeToEdgeParagraphElement" style="height: 310.5px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1px;"><img src="cid:9D8755A4-9B2C-49DE-B81A-24D7335DAF33" id="9D8755A4-9B2C-49DE-B81A-24D7335DAF33" border="0" width="100%" style="right: 0px; width: 414px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"></p><p x-apple-mail="wrapper" class="AppleTemporaryEdgeToEdgeParagraphElement" style="height: 310.5px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1px;"><img src="cid:B8B10A06-8378-4726-8344-1DF53B5B8A67" id="B8B10A06-8378-4726-8344-1DF53B5B8A67" border="0" width="100%" style="right: 0px; width: 414px; position: absolute; left: 0px;"></p><p x-apple-mail="wrapper" class="AppleTemporaryEdgeToEdgeParagraphElement" style="height: 310.5px; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 1px;"><img src="cid:EDC29044-C2F6-4898-98FD-086BE20023B5" id="EDC29044-C2F6-4898-98FD-086BE20023B5" border="0" width="100%" style="right: 0px; 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<script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9618586184657789"
crossorigin="anonymous"></script>Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-43212786075101900352020-12-20T16:27:00.004+03:002022-11-08T17:44:41.435+03:00The Egyptian Shepherd Dog (The Armant) everyone's favorite Breed <h2 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ffa400;">The Egyptian Shepherd</span></h2><h4 style="text-align: center;">The Egyptian Shepherd locally known as the Armant is one of the best Shepherd dog breeds if not the best ever, why?<br />Read below about Nietzsche my best friend to know more</h4><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XfXIPfslCLA" width="560"></iframe></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana; font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;"> Best Family Dog</span></h3><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik1g4y9_5ruYmOP5bb3nEb5-QUXDl4W_omiprUU7kCryuos1VnOlVN6TjxX-2hyphenhyphenLH6c76RXDhd1QQYXUhTTAzOYT912-I1p3kgnaSEeGzQun5RsASwe2-8lChTjjje-anku1gzqmyUbYo/s577/IMG-20201113-WA0017.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="433" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEik1g4y9_5ruYmOP5bb3nEb5-QUXDl4W_omiprUU7kCryuos1VnOlVN6TjxX-2hyphenhyphenLH6c76RXDhd1QQYXUhTTAzOYT912-I1p3kgnaSEeGzQun5RsASwe2-8lChTjjje-anku1gzqmyUbYo/s16000/IMG-20201113-WA0017.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj8wRAF4vcbEf5K3GImP04dPJtiO-mY2NUR8MptLAloBZ2CrXYf41Q0gr5mHKuwkEgOR6ABcBDG5wvHc05W86bWEwD0cOU8SoNhMaj7mVrAI8I0KZQLXE1YBAVflRobkI8AfBT5raUvas/s1024/IMG-20201211-WA0004+%25281%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="910" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhj8wRAF4vcbEf5K3GImP04dPJtiO-mY2NUR8MptLAloBZ2CrXYf41Q0gr5mHKuwkEgOR6ABcBDG5wvHc05W86bWEwD0cOU8SoNhMaj7mVrAI8I0KZQLXE1YBAVflRobkI8AfBT5raUvas/s16000/IMG-20201211-WA0004+%25281%2529.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzFJDFIw8NpkqAAm_FMFHLA-2bOV_mZCEfVXHmHqBz1e-9yLbwkUXvKXNnbmrqPHpNdEX0IOsaoObbRRvKmPA3K4J4YkUfmKWmlCcyafePvh7OY6-QGzawOWlRZpBlAgOxTWespSeVDXo/s1024/IMG-20201211-WA0004.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="910" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzFJDFIw8NpkqAAm_FMFHLA-2bOV_mZCEfVXHmHqBz1e-9yLbwkUXvKXNnbmrqPHpNdEX0IOsaoObbRRvKmPA3K4J4YkUfmKWmlCcyafePvh7OY6-QGzawOWlRZpBlAgOxTWespSeVDXo/s16000/IMG-20201211-WA0004.jpg" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div></span></h3><h3 style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;">Irresistibly Adorable </span></h3><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0vQP9NuhbluccppAozn8mqaw5kzqvvybewLOdpU89wDaHorTCawP4FOnnytFrRtr3L5VS-MbvkK9zPsbKQpFl6E2Kg_bXypucoaNIGx-S4QZYpOUJK0kHWQCdLoSzCU13kjFxzQWp2Cg/s1024/IMG-20200329-WA0013.jpg" style="font-family: verdana; font-size: 18.72px; font-weight: 700; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="768" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0vQP9NuhbluccppAozn8mqaw5kzqvvybewLOdpU89wDaHorTCawP4FOnnytFrRtr3L5VS-MbvkK9zPsbKQpFl6E2Kg_bXypucoaNIGx-S4QZYpOUJK0kHWQCdLoSzCU13kjFxzQWp2Cg/s16000/IMG-20200329-WA0013.jpg" /></a></div><div></div><h3 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: red; font-family: verdana;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZVXl2uDHk8Ak6-L8nLqJqGCJzbK2JxoKSL7uSh-cSzNWQmaEvkFti0u7Z2dejuLBsYJ2143jRfYen_PL5aEzEoL5m5UOlWeazBYu4qpsARnEtMRaBxqQ0blCb62jwCErUwDlAuJwB99Y/s2048/IMG_20200403_115102.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZVXl2uDHk8Ak6-L8nLqJqGCJzbK2JxoKSL7uSh-cSzNWQmaEvkFti0u7Z2dejuLBsYJ2143jRfYen_PL5aEzEoL5m5UOlWeazBYu4qpsARnEtMRaBxqQ0blCb62jwCErUwDlAuJwB99Y/w300-h400/IMG_20200403_115102.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4XzQhEO9aL2H0PfakZHKu0PE6YEpeL-CV-AEWCndVTz_6RGCqicbaewVkygQNdVLABU8PbIQqpaM2UuaZ84mXIZYpsAQX66eG4eMO8T2MgL1FwqbNj8oNZXnIBYu4GKLLy2f73AIOhB8/s1490/IMG_20200526_164410.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1117" data-original-width="1490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4XzQhEO9aL2H0PfakZHKu0PE6YEpeL-CV-AEWCndVTz_6RGCqicbaewVkygQNdVLABU8PbIQqpaM2UuaZ84mXIZYpsAQX66eG4eMO8T2MgL1FwqbNj8oNZXnIBYu4GKLLy2f73AIOhB8/s320/IMG_20200526_164410.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">Best Friends</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwSSv0fEwNpwiIV6TOmEMatB53CR9gL9z_lsncLVuXNef3xvek0bJjyd2ic_L3czxtibRjYIdmxj1OkEJX74A' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Well Pedigreed</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyLiGtF5gUlXvoCtREDLWy2XFMV6QufdScxndfYCttrkYEZfgBRURZBC1SgKaZPOQnLMgzuxX0qGxthWel3zg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armant_(dog)#:~:text=The%20Armant%20(also%20known%20as,first%20examples%20of%20the%20breed." target="_blank">Read More</a><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></div></span></h3>
<script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9618586184657789"
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Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-25457589898004380882018-04-26T12:57:00.002+03:002021-09-04T16:08:58.252+03:00NEED for LEED ND<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="color: #783f04; font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace;">NEED For LEED A Real Life Case Study</span></h2>
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<span style="color: #6aa84f; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">By: Ali Al-Dimshawy</span></h4>
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<span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">The below is a real life presentation done by a LEED champion to his superiors in a Land Development Firm, the study explains how to estimate the LEED cost for both BD+C and ND, besides it highlights some reasons why should a developer adopt LEED and how LEED is beneficial as it considers increasing the ROI Return on Investment of a program.</span></h3>
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Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-39353645133707541332018-04-16T16:06:00.006+03:002022-11-08T17:49:01.881+03:00Design and Construction Quality KPIs (Made Easy)<script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9618586184657789"
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Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-78610845511131222012016-05-01T17:34:00.002+03:002022-11-08T17:49:27.836+03:00Selecting finishes for a railway station<script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9618586184657789"
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A question looked like a puzzle when it was asked to a group of (Interior Design Experts) of #QRail "How to select the right materials for the interior finishes of the Doha Metro Project?".<br />
The team and their teams; all together not less than 250 experts working for leading companies in the field couldn't give one clear answer.</div>
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A series of endless workshops lasted for a couple of two years and still running did not produce answers, only new questions.</div>
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One quick look at #Ramsis Railway Station on any building that has the logo of the Egyptian Railway Company would give the short sharp answer.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMMJdA9D8yaaRhTcuGHHY7TsCcZWKAFqaNmpBJ2j-yWqP6Ks_ayHA8VHL3SEc7SVa-kYYAy_66WBQGMZqjGi3N4QFtZOSHdNr-ycTAc3dZkZVmVgh4EzE5Dmv4F1O2j_Rf8qPwAa06srw/s640/IMG_20160410_102358.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ramsis Railway Station. Cairo, Egypt 2017</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: sans-serif; text-align: start;"><br />The materials chosen for finishes are simply metals and natural stone which share the following essntials in common, all are:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; text-align: start;">1- Non-combustible.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; text-align: start;">2- Long living.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; text-align: start;">3-Easy to maintain.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; text-align: start;">This doesn't only define a criterea for selecting materials, but also defines the pool to pick from.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; text-align: start;">Anyway, I still agree that one or more of the #QRail (Interior Design Experts) may still prioritize the aesthetics in a railway station and say the he doesn't like the Look And Feel of the station. Although that this would sound neive to the majority of the field professionals, but simply sir a beautiful design shapes the right materials into a beautiful architecural space. If you think you can disagree with this primitive rule, Apple for an architectural school then.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: sans-serif; text-align: start;">For the amazing geometry with the right materials, see the Google images of Sweden Metro stations as an example.</span><br />
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<span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: sans-serif;">https://www.google.com.eg/search?q=metro+sweden+stockholm&safe=active&client=ms-android-huawei&prmd=imnv&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiu-cOojbnMAhXKNj4KHf8ABHsQ_AUIBygB&biw=360&bih=523</span></span></div>
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Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-12845462108139241742014-07-09T08:23:00.008+03:002022-11-08T17:50:31.734+03:00Particularity of Construction Project Management in Qatar <script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9618586184657789"
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Particularity of Construction Project Management in Qatar </span></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Got too
many subcontractors to handle?</span></h3>
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According to project management experts, you can spot major
trouble on the horizon if you keep your eyes peeled for any of [the] poor
project planning symptoms’ (<a href="http://search.techrepublic.com.com/search/Tom%20Mochal.html"><span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-themecolor: accent1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Taylor</span></a>, 2008<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Google%20Drive/Ess/01%20Subcontracting%20and%20OC%20and%20preface%201-8.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="color: #4f81bd; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 114%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: HI; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: accent1;">[i]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIVIap6Yzx_ZO1Nnz5dI5Ak3EU2je5Oz6QCnJfwf6julMPdm-E9bG8r4d6AsLha9kRJMMFsWQxNsr5OE4945fEi1lU0JTdc3Hzm6BCVDjRnbqMgSRyuc32GJSxGebXsvV6WoaNA9NusXk/s1600/shutterstock_84373249.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIVIap6Yzx_ZO1Nnz5dI5Ak3EU2je5Oz6QCnJfwf6julMPdm-E9bG8r4d6AsLha9kRJMMFsWQxNsr5OE4945fEi1lU0JTdc3Hzm6BCVDjRnbqMgSRyuc32GJSxGebXsvV6WoaNA9NusXk/s1600/shutterstock_84373249.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">Working in the business of
construction in Qatar for the last eight years, I noticed what can be called
repetitive management mistakes in the various projects and titles I have been
at.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">The Qatari business market succeeded
to attract a numerous investors, contractors and PM firms while the management
culture is not adult enough to absorb the sudden changes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">In this article I am trying to
simply and share the critical typical challenges a project may confront due to
lack of the poor design of an Organisation Chart.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">This can easily be seen in the
numerous stakeholders involved in a construction project her in Qatar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">Subcontracting strategy is adopted
by most if not all of construction stakeholder working currently in Qatar due
to the attractive fast growing construction business in Qatar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">Adopting subcontracting strategy
can lead to serious troubles in project management if not well controlled.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">Below is real life case study of
one of the under construction large scales projects in Qatar. The project which
was 2.3 Billion $ suffered obviously from a blind communication spot at the
bottom of its organisation chart OC and lack of control by the main contractor
over the subcontractors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">A glance on the OC would make one
feel really comfortable to describe it as an over loaded organisation chart<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">An example of this is the Main
Contractors Technical department OC as a random segment for analysis. The OC
was built to have a technical manager at the top followed by the seven sub
section managers (Architectural Manager, Structural Manager and etc.) those are
followed by a line of senior staff who are followed by the engineers and
architects who supervise the subcontractor technical offices where the real
technical runs shifting all the mess deeper in the OC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">A normal daily communication process
had to start from the subcontractor all the way up to the main contractors’
technical manager to decide what to do with it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">A request for information could
take easily three weeks between it approaches from the sub-contractor engineer till
it reaches the consultant for an answer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 114%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">The
corrective actions suggested for this was to take line of the heads of sections
out of OC for a shorter OC. Just write it off to allow efficient communication
and to arrange a series of daily workshops among the Cub-contractors, the
consultant and the main contractor for mitigating the previous time creep.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e36c0a; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 114%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">The lesson
could be learnt for a PM considers moving to Qatar is to think twice before
hiring sub-contractors some in-house working may be more feasible for the
project and the organisation trying to design a slimmer Organisation Charts.
Simply follow the rules, Develop the project Work Breakdown Structure into an
OC not the other way around. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/User/Google%20Drive/Ess/01%20Subcontracting%20and%20OC%20and%20preface%201-8.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 114%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <a href="http://search.techrepublic.com.com/search/Tom%20Mochal.html"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Joe Taylor Jr.</span></a><span face="Arial, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> (2008) ‘<i>Five
Signs Your Team Suffers From Poor Project Planning</i> ’.Bright up!. </span><a href="http://www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/3700.aspx"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/3700.aspx</span></a><span face="Arial, sans-serif" lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt;"> [Accessed 18 March
2009]</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com0Qatar25.354826 51.183884-2.9554078361788463 16.027634 53.665059836178841 86.340134tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-52937569261834889382012-03-18T10:22:00.003+03:002022-11-08T17:48:42.380+03:00‘ Million Oops, A case study on modern project planning and control’. April 2009, RKC Collage and the University of Wales.UK<script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9618586184657789"
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577325"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Project Planning and Control</span></a></h1>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577328"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">A Case study by:<span style="font-weight: bold;">Ali Al-Dimshawy</span></span></i></a><i><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="small"><span lang="EN-GB">05 April 2009</span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b style="text-align: left;"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Question 01:</span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On 1st of July 1997 the construction of the Entertainment and Sports Arena started on time in N.C with an estimated finish date of 1st of Sept 1999 which crept later to March 2000, and with a planned budget of $120 million which was later moved up to $158 million.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Along its duration this project suffered cost overrun, schedule overrun, low efficiency of performance and other obstacles. Looking for the reasons under the light of project management we saw obvious shortages at almost the all project management tools such as; leadership, project planning, project control, cost control, risk management, internal and external communication, stakeholder management.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The thesis is going to name those zones where defects were detected as red zones and will stand for their analysis one by one; where and how they were indicated as the thesis is going to prioritise them through arranging them from the highest to the lowest priority.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On the other hand the other hand the positively actions will be highlighted and grouped in a green zone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;">Question 02:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Empire Plastics Northern (EPN) hired two management subcontractors to help achieving its project to increase the production rate of oleic acid. Each of those subcontractors showed different level of performance due to their different management approaches.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Western Construction managed their scope with an eye opened on Team work and communication which helped it to properly achieve.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Teknibuild managed their scope with an eye opened on Man hour this was the main reason beyond their poor performance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This thesis is trying to address the analysis of each company’s approach.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577331"><span lang="EN-GB">Answer of Question 01:</span></a></span></h2>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Screening of the $26 million oops case study reflected poverty at each of the first four of <a href="http://search.techrepublic.com.com/search/Tom%20Mochal.html"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Mochal</span></a>l’s top five project management major mistakes <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">1. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">‘Inadequate project definition and planning<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">2. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Weak scope change management<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">3. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Not managing the work plan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">4. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Poor project communication<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">5. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Lack of quality management ‘(<a href="http://search.techrepublic.com.com/search/Tom%20Mochal.html"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Mochal</span></a>, 2003:1)<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Poor project planning, poor change management, poor project control, poor communication besides extra defects in the areas of Leadership, Stockholding management, cost control and Time management. This thesis is going to code those zones as red zones referring to the worst approaches impacted the project they will be prioritised by arranging them accordingly as per their impact on the project success.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On the other hand some good approaches were reached along the project duration, even they were not so efficient they will be analyzed and coded as green zones which will cover the alarms raised on time by some stakeholders and the high quality concrete cat in site. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577333">1-A-1 Poor Leadership:</a></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In fact it was not easy to determine neither a team work nor a single leader with executive authority at the side of the committee, amongst thirteen members many felt free to make decisions and speak for the committee either to the partners or to media it is here to say that ‘... poor leadership may serve to isolate individuals and deny access to social support and there by exacerbate the negative effects of workplace stressors.’ (Kelloway, et al., 2004:91)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The impact of individuals’ isolation was clearest when lawyer Reef Ivey suggested unstudied project modification from a basket ball arena to a hockey arena. This suggestion transformed the project to a real nightmare. Besides the mistake of odd-made decision he had the default of making a vital decision without visiting an expert.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Another clear impact of the absence of good leadership is the mess the project planning and control as it will be detailed later in this thesis because ‘A good leader creates the agenda. He or she does not let things stagnate ... The leader is proactive and not reactive.’(Leadership-basics, 2009:1)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As seen all the corrective action taken by management were only immediate reactions to the disasters like none of risks were estimated while planning this project.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577334"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">1-A-2 Poor project planning:</span></a></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">‘According to project management experts, you can spot major trouble on the horizon if you keep your eyes peeled for any of [the] poor project planning symptoms’ (<a href="http://search.techrepublic.com.com/search/Tom%20Mochal.html"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Taylor</span></a>, 2008)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Starting from the project chart which experienced poverty since the project started; on its top a committee of 13 members none of them has an executive authority to manage the project the committee represented the client and directly managed the job which was being performed by a main contractor the irony was that none of the committee members were specialized in construction projects and they did not even hire an expert at the first 8 working months.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Other poor planning indicator is ignoring rainy winter in <st1:place st="on"><st1:state st="on">North Carolina</st1:state></st1:place> which repeats once yearly and allowing it to reduce the production average twice. It should be included in the project plan when studying tasks duration against production average winter time tasks could have calculated slotted duration with controlled creep allowance which should not effect the total duration of the project. If considered in a contingency plan, its impact would be controllable.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577335"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">1-A-3 Poor project control:</span></a></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The quality of project control heavily depends on the accuracy and completeness of the information given by the control system. (Paliktzoglou, 2009:75) our case study is a clear example of control system absence and how it impacts progress.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577336"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">1-A-4 Poor change management:</span></a></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="See_also"></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: blue;">‘</span>Change management is the process during which the changes of a system are implemented in a controlled manner by following a pre-defined framework/model with, to some extent, reasonable modifications’ (SearchCIO-Midmarket, 2009:1)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although many marks of management illness can be configured during the project for me the most clear example was when the project transformed to a hockey arena at this point serious and immediate actions should be done ‘every change request should be impacted on the project by determining its effect on the schedule, budget and deliverables’. (Paliktzoglou, 2009:83)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I would use one of my work experience reactions in such a situation when a project is exposed to major change splitting the project into two phases (project phase 01) should include the already performed work as per the old project description and as a closed project and (project phase 02) for the new modification this was a missed opportunity for putting the project back on the track.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577337"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">1-A-5 Poor cost control:</span></a></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Good control starts by good planning which must be preceded by good estimation which was totally absent in this project but knowing that contractors and its consultants vastly miscalculated the impact the design changes helps to imagine the project missed cost estimation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Although setting up a budget checking system is a must for such a changing project ‘Check and recheck budgets. Are you where you should be or are costs running over? Is there a way to reallocate the mix of resources to bring costs back in line?’(<st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Walker</st1:place></st1:city>, 2004:01) the committee did not consider revision the miscalculated budget change before considering it.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Uncertainty of financial resource which may cover the change as the authority hoped to get the remainder of the money it needs to cover its cost overruns from <st1:city st="on">Raleigh</st1:city> and <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Wake</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">County</st1:placetype></st1:place> this uncertainty reflects the poor cost control once more.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577338">1-A-6 Poor communication:</a></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">‘A wolf eats only a stray sheep’ Arabic Proverb </span>‘Any weakness or problem in any one of three areas - personal, non-personal and organizational communication - can generate a multitude of problems …’ (Williams, 2008:01) this project experienced many organisational communication problems which generated the disability of elaborating the conflict between the contractors and architects in the meeting held in mid January. Instead of trying to work it out the problem was ignored in spite of the committee full awareness of it as chairman Perry Safran said. ‘Communication was a problem.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One more indicator of poor communication when Jordan the team president commented on the probability of the project delay ‘We haven't been told otherwise by anyone’ after Hensel Phelps had said the arena might not be finished until March<span lang="EN-GB"> 2000.</span><b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577339"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">1-A-7 Poor stakeholder management:</span></a></h4>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">‘An up-front analysis of who the stakeholders are and how and when to involve them in the project can prevent potential problems’ (Buthmann, 2008)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Figure 01: Communication Timing Matrix (Buthmann, 2008)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Hurricanes joined the project as a major partner paying $20 million against their requirements. In principle every thing would be fine with this step if timing and planning were developed to meet the new stage requirements high level of stokehold management was highly recommended yet it was never applied. ‘... for each stakeholder, consider why and what to communicate...Next, develop a communication strategy that focuses on how to directly or indirectly influence and engage the stakeholders...Finally, determine the best time to communicate with the stakeholders and an appropriate spokesperson.’ (Buthmann, 2008) but a clear scope of responsibilities, authorities, and communication amongst stakeholders was never set.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577340"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">1-A-8 Poor time management:</span></a></h4>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The lack of time management here is that even good corrective actions were taken late take for example the late hiring of a full time project manager by the committee which took place eight months after starting the construction and the design change negotiations which started t along with the construction process on 1st of July 1997 while a request of the final official list of improvement was raised on Sept. 26, 1997. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577341"><span lang="EN-GB">(1-B) Green Zone Analysis:</span></a></span></h3>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Despite of some alarms were hit on time like that one by Perry Safran ‘Communication was a problem’ and the complain letter sent early on 26 September 1997 by Rouse to Hurricanes financial consultant asking for final official changes besides some positive criticism was performed like when Mayor Tom Fetzer commented on taking a project of this size and scope and putting it in the hands of a bunch of part-time political appointees as it was a disaster which reflected individual standard of professionalism in some areas, no serious response to those alarms were shown.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Another green zone is to be highlighted regarding the quality of work as Williams witnessed that there have been no faulty beams or columns cast in site<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577342"><span lang="EN-GB">Answer of Question 02:</span></a></span></h2>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577343"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">(2-A) Western Construction (managing a Team work)</span></a></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">‘Teaming necessary to accomplish objectives’ (F.Galioto, 2006:05) it is proved that the smoothest the communication flow amongst team members, the closet to their goal they reach. Nowadays as the modern work environment where communication plays a vital role in projects success, thus effective team work management had became a must.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This is what Western construction management attitude confirmed as it had been said by John ‘… communication was just across the corridor…’ </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Yet the stable information flow is not the only benefit of team work, there is also the individuals sense of responsibility as (Cinda 2007) suggests’ A well-functioning team that exhibits “good teamwork” is made up of individuals each taking personal responsibility for having an impact on the project’ when each of the team players gets truly involved in the game he will be motivated by enthusiasm to win which can simply be interpreted in to project management terms as to accomplish the job perfectly and on time. The moral here that good team managing can serve as a motivator.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Once examining communication, sense of responsibility and motivation together in a team, get ready to trigger success.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577344"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">(2-B) Teknibuild (managing a Time sheet)</span></a></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">On the other hand John had Teknibuild's site men who had had suffered lack of communication with their head office, further to their site partners. ‘<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;">When partnership is the key issue, influencing others by being a good team player is an important strategy for getting work accomplished.’(Subhashini 2009</span>)<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;"> Unfortunately, Teknibuild did show team work spirit neither externally nor internally<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It seemed like their management only cared about man-hours not about accomplishing the job as Holdsworth agreed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Work environment with lack of team spirit or stable communication is full of frustrated non-motivated resources that their only concern is about fulfilling their timesheets, once they sign attendance sheet they feel they have done their part of the job.<span lang="EN-GB">
</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=190454339671860457" name="_Toc225577345"><span class="Heading1Char"><span style="line-height: 150%;">References:</span></span></a><span class="Heading1Char"><span style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">1. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://search.techrepublic.com.com/search/Tom%20Mochal.html"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Tom Mochal</span></a> (2003) ‘Poor Planning Is Project Management Mistake Number One’. <i>Techrepublic</i>. http://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-5030629.html [accessed 23 March 2009].<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">2. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Kelloway, Ivanathan, Francis & Barling (2004) ‘<i>Sources Of Work Stress</i>’ http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/5010_Barling_Chapter_1.pdf [accessed 22 March 2009].<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">3. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Leadership-basics (2009) ‘<i>Leadership-Qualities</i>’. Leadership management. basics http://www.leadership-basics.com/leadership-leadership-qualities4.shtml [accessed on 23 March 2009]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">4. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://search.techrepublic.com.com/search/Tom%20Mochal.html"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Joe Taylor Jr.</span></a> (2008) ‘<i>Five Signs Your Team Suffers From Poor Project Planning</i> ’.Bright up!. <a href="http://www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/3700.aspx"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/3700.aspx</span></a> [Accessed 18 March 2009]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">5. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Paliktzoglou, V. (2009) ‘<i>Project Planning and Control. Unit 04 lecture slides</i>’. <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Switzerland</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Robert Kennedy Collage.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">6. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">SearchCIO-Midmarket (2009) ‘<i>Change Management</i>’ .SearchCIO-Midmarket.com. Definitions <a href="http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci799426,00.html"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci799426,00.html</span></a> [Accessed 18 March 2009]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">7. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">John P. Walker (2004) ‘<i>Proper Project Planning Prevents Poor Performance</i>’. Cleanlink. May 2004 <a href="http://www.cleanlink.com/cp/article.asp?id=1239&keywords=john%20walker,%20project%20management"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.cleanlink.com/cp/article.asp?id=1239&keywords=john%20walker,%20project%20management</span></a> [accessed on 21 March 2009]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">8. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Patricia Williams (2008) ‘<i>Poor Communication Can Take Its Toll On Construction Companies, Consultant Warns</i>’ .dailycommercialnews. <a href="http://www.dailycommercialnews.com/article/id27360"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.dailycommercialnews.com/article/id27360</span></a> [accessed on 21 March 2009]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">9. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Arne Buthmann (2008) <i>‘Preventing Conflicts Through Stakeholder Management</i>’.iSixSigma.com <a href="http://europe.isixsigma.com/library/content/c080220a.asp"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://europe.isixsigma.com/library/content/c080220a.asp</span></a> [accessed on 21 March 2009]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">10. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Galioto, F., Kerins J., Lauster, S. & Mitchell, D. (2006). ‘<i>The Matrix Reloaded. The Multi-Axis Organization as Key to Competitive Advanta</i>ge’. <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-GB">11. </span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://svprojectmanagement.com/author/cindavoegtli/" title="Posts by Cinda Voegtli"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Cinda Voegtli</span></a> (2007) ‘<i><a href="http://svprojectmanagement.com/more-on-teamwork-how-individual-team-members-knowing-and-doing-makes-the-team" title="More on “teamwork” - how individual team members’ knowing and doing makes the team"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">More on “teamwork” - how individual team members’ knowing and doing makes the team</span></a></i>’. svprojectmanagement.<a href="http://svprojectmanagement.com/more-on-teamwork-how-individual-team-members-knowing-and-doing-makes-the-team%5baccessed"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://svprojectmanagement.com/more-on-teamwork-how-individual-team-members-knowing-and-doing-makes-the-team [Accessed</span></a> 21 march 2009]<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-15350129700938612432010-08-19T13:02:00.002+03:002022-11-08T18:12:13.918+03:00PMBOK OR PRINCE2 ( A Comparative Study )<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg48i4tS-8VcJyUpY_g89V7bUpxuvnXqnZN3CrsjtyV5yRk8CB8tOuUAFlOd8xUja9UvPihxxDReOzBITML-j__W_7DpduSczkZ8uup83ZQ-I7ncUro6tsFOhkf4WZiSoJokSDeZx3fBbcbQhw_AXhPEd5Ntzw5PMWMPQ90oUPLl_7B4Eh5hCxxq8DN/s1161/PRINCE2R-VS-PMPR-A-COMBAT-OF-CERTIFICATIONS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="407" data-original-width="1161" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg48i4tS-8VcJyUpY_g89V7bUpxuvnXqnZN3CrsjtyV5yRk8CB8tOuUAFlOd8xUja9UvPihxxDReOzBITML-j__W_7DpduSczkZ8uup83ZQ-I7ncUro6tsFOhkf4WZiSoJokSDeZx3fBbcbQhw_AXhPEd5Ntzw5PMWMPQ90oUPLl_7B4Eh5hCxxq8DN/s320/PRINCE2R-VS-PMPR-A-COMBAT-OF-CERTIFICATIONS.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Table of contents<br />
TABLE OF CONTENTS 2<br />
SUMMARY 3<br />
1.DESCRIPTIONS 4<br />
1. A - The PRINCE2: 4<br />
1. B - The PMBOK: 4<br />
2.KEY FEATURES 4<br />
2. A - The PRINCE2: 5<br />
2. B - The PMBOK: 5<br />
3.DELIVERABLES 6<br />
3. A - THE PRINCE2: 6<br />
3. B - THE PMBOK: 7<br />
CONCLUSION 7<br />
REFERENCES: 8<br />
BIBLIOGRAPHY: 9<br />
<br />
<br />
Summary<br />
Project management methodologies differ in terms of principles and considerations according to difference in work environments, project scales yet they all share the goals of achieving the job at the highest product quality, the lowest available cost and on time.<br />
I had the opportunities of working in two projects each of them was being managed in different approach.<br />
The Dubai Mall Construction project which was totally managed under the umbrella of the PRINCE2 where we had an English educated PM this was between the years 2004 and 2006 then from 2007 till the current time I am working in the construction of the Sidra Hospital and Medical Research Centre where my company OHL international the chief contractor is hiring an American designer who considers the PMBOK as their management guide.<br />
Keeping in mind my previous experience with the PRINCE2 and comparing it to my current experience with the PMBOK clears the sky regarding how different the two approaches are.<br />
This paper is aimed to compare the PRINCE2 against the PMBOK in terms of description, key features, deliverables and best use, then the paper will reach how deep knowledge of both helps approaching the best management methodologies.<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Descriptions<br />
1. A - The PRINCE2:<br />
For defining the PRINCE2, I would rather go through the description of its origin the PRINCE trying to uncover the design logic of the PRINCE2 and why it was originally made for.<br />
‘”PRINCE" stands for PRojects IN Controlled Environments and is described as a structured method for effective project management for all types of project, not just for information systems, although the influence of that industry is very clear in the methodology.´ (Wideman 2002)<br />
From the above mentioned citation we may recognise that the PRINCE2 was designed to meet the mass need of controlling a project during its different phases.<br />
During my work for the GPCC-Dubai our scope was to design, cast and erect the precast facade panels, work was planned in a product-based planning approach as it was controlled in stages and phases each was designed under the light of the whole job requirements and coordinated through configuration management and Total Quality Management terms.<br />
1. B - The PMBOK:<br />
The PMBOK which is famous for being the main teaching syllabus and guide of project management was always described as ‘The Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) is an internationally recognised standard (IEEE, ANSI) that deals with the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques of to meet project requirements.’ (JAEGER 2007)<br />
What I see our US interior designer doing in my current job is purely reflests this despription, they have like the whole job organised in task assignment sheet with deadlines with no barriers among project stages. Although they are stuck to the ANSI specifications as quality measurement, they feel free to revisit and modify their working plans in monthly meetings and coordination with other parties is truly done through corridors. It really looks like they have a guide yet they still can creat their own managent bible.<br />
2. Key features<br />
‘PRINCE2 project management methodology is a world-class standard for managing projects to a successful conclusion.’ (ProjectSmart, 2009) so is the PMBOK yet each of both has its own key features.<br />
<br />
2. A - The PRINCE2:<br />
During my previous experience in Dubai project I found the PRINCE2 which ‘...emphasis on dividing the project into manageable and controllable stages.’ (ILXGROUP, 2009) really fit to the role as our PM looked at the project from business point of view as he designed it to run in parallel with and to serve the mother organisation goals so PRINCE2 focuses on business justification considering the mother organisation construction along with the project organisational chart keeping roles clearly specified.<br />
I would say that we confronted problems in both HR and procurement zones yet two committees were formed to fill in these gaps, but being additional to the project chart kept coordination problems rising ahead amongst those two committees from one side and other project’s teams on the other side<br />
Looking at figure01 may help explaining the relationship between business and project when PRINCE2 is approached.<br />
Figure 01 (Copland, 2007)<br />
2. B - The PMBOK:<br />
On the other bank of the river the US interior designers kept themselves fine with both HR and Procurement zones as these two existed in their initial project plan as an original and main parts of the job.<br />
The PMBOK guides project managers to run a serial of tasks with their necessary tools in hands including HR Management tools, Procurement Management tools and the other tools for other scopes whom figure02 may brief.<br />
<br />
Figure 02 (Ritchie, 2008)<br />
It is here to say that the clearest weakness point of working as per a guide not clear methodology is dealing with unexpected changes, a good example in our case was the sudden change of the end-user requirements such as finishing materials and wall fixtures our interior designers really get confused when it comes to the point of change as they need to go through changes at their own risk making momentary response.<br />
3. Deliverables<br />
During any project’s life cycle a number of deliverables shall be produces to help tracking and reporting the progress, these deliverables differ up to the project’s nature, plan and management methodology yet each of the PRINCE2 and the PMBOK focuses on specific documents to be delivered at or by the end of the different stages of the project.<br />
3. A - The PRINCE2:<br />
As the PRINCE2’s framework is ‘scalable, systematic and can be used for a huge variety of different projects. It takes you through key project stages: starting up, initiation, controlling a stage, managing product delivery, managing stage boundaries and closing a project.’ (Knowledge Centre/Project Management - PRINCE2, 2009), it recommends the following managements products at or by the end of each of above mentioned stages these are briefed in Table A.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Stage Management products<br />
Project starting up. • Project Brief.<br />
• Outline business case.<br />
Project initiating. • Project initiation documents.<br />
• Business case.<br />
Project managing. • Business case.<br />
Project ending. • End stage report.<br />
• End project report.<br />
Table A: The Project Management Products when applying the PRINCE2.<br />
3. B - The PMBOK:<br />
On the other hand and for the same purpose of tracking and ensuring the project progress, the PMBOK give its own recommendation regarding the project deliverables.<br />
Stage Project Deliverables<br />
Project starting up. • Project Charter.<br />
Project initiating. • Preliminary Scope Statement.<br />
• Project Scope Statement.<br />
• Project Management Plan.<br />
Project managing. • Project Management Plan.<br />
Project ending. • Administrative Closure Reports and Documents.<br />
Table B: The Project Management Deliverables when applying the PMBOK.<br />
Yet the PMBOK leaves the door open in front of creating, dismissing or replacing any of these documents subject to the project’s conditions<br />
Conclusion<br />
´There is no one-size-fits-all methodology.´ (Charvat 2003) so during this paper we found that each of the PMBOK and the PRINCE2 has its own personality including points of weakness and strength and it was not sufficient to follow any of them in its pure format modifications had to be done on each. Each was subject to necessary modifications.<br />
A smart and creative combination of the PMBOK and the PRINCE2 may meet the project’s needs.<br />
<br />
References:<br />
<br />
• Wideman, R. Max. Comparing PRINCE2 with PMBoK. Vancouver, BC, Canada: AEW Services, 2002.<br />
• JAEGER, Jean-Michel DE. "What is the PMBOK? Description." 12 MANAGE. 2007. http://www.12manage.com/methods_pmi_pmbok.html (accessed July 16, 2009).<br />
• "projectsmart." projectsmart. July 7, 2009. http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/prince2.html (accessed July 7, 2009).<br />
• ILXGROUP. ILXGROUP. 2009. http://www.prince2.com/what-is-prince2.asp (accessed July 06, 2009).<br />
• Copland, Tracy. “PMI's PMBOK Vs PRINCE2.” PMI's PMBOK Vs PRINCE2. PMPartners, 18 July 2007. 15.<br />
• Ritchie, Paul. "PMBOK 4th Edition Features — Data models per process." crossderry. October 03, 2008. http://crossderry.wordpress.com/2008/10/03/pmbok-4th-edition-features-data-models-per-process/ (accessed July 06, 2009).<br />
• "Knowledge Centr/Project Management - PRINCE2." OGC Best Management Practice. 2009. http://www.best-management-practice.com/Knowledge-Centre/Best-Practice-Guidance/PRINCE2/ (accessed July 07, 2009).<br />
• Charvat, Jason. "Project Management Methodologies: Selecting, Implementing, and Supporting Methodologies." 17. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Bibliography:<br />
• Stephanie Overby, “Can’t We All Just Get Along?” CIO Australia, March 10, 2004 and “SAP Chosen by Novartis as a Major Building Block,” EETimes, June 16, 2003.<br />
• Paliktzoglou, V.)2009) ‘PM 101 Strategic Context of Project Management Lecture Slides’. Switzerland: Robert Kennedy Collage.2009<br />
• Paliktzoglou, V.)2009) ‘PM 102 Project Planning and Control Lecture Slides’. Switzerland: Robert Kennedy Collage.2009<br />
• Paliktzoglou, V.)2009) ‘PM 103 Strategic Context of Project Management Lecture Slides’. Switzerland: Robert Kennedy Collage.2009<br />
• Paliktzoglou, V.)2009) ‘PM 104 Project Planning and Control Lecture Slides’. Switzerland: Robert Kennedy Collage.2009<br />
• Hugh MacMillan, Mahen Tampoe (2001) ‘Strategic Management: Process, Content, and Implementation’ London: Oxford Press <br />
• The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (2007). ‘Chapter Eight The Structure and Culture of a Business Organization’. McGraw-Hill Companies 2007<br />
• The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (2009). ‘Chapter 11 Organizational Structure’. McGraw-Hill Companies 2009.<br />
• Organization and Teamwork Prentice Hall 2007 ‘Excellence in Business’. e3.<br />
• Jay R. GALLBRAITH (February 1971) ‘Matrix Organisation Design how to combine Functional and project forms’. Business Horizons.<br />
• Maurice Hardaker & Bryan K. Ward, (2003) ‘Getting Things Done, How to Make a Team Work’. Harvard Business Review November-December 1987. USA: EBSCO Publishing<br />
• http://campus.college.ch/forum/posts/22898?page=1-11. RKC class forum. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<br />
• http://blog.softwareprojects.org/self-organization-esther-derby-1069.html. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<br />
• http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Ob-Or/Organizational-Structure.html. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<br />
• http://www.orgchart.net/. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<br />
• Weihrich, H. and Koontz, H. 1993. ‘Management: A Global Perspective’. 10th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill<br />
• http://www.ohl.es/Plantillas/SuperPlantilla.aspx?IdA=121&IdF=96&idM=439&nvl=1. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<br />
• http://www.exampleoforganizationalchart.com/hierarchical.php.[accessed on 31 March 2009]</div>
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Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-45562165595347416162010-01-20T17:45:00.004+03:002022-11-08T17:54:33.002+03:00(Sidra Hospital and Medical Research center SMRC-Doha) Design of:EB-USA<embed type="application/x-shockwave-flash" src="http://picasaweb.google.com/s/c/bin/slideshow.swf" width="388" height="292" flashvars="host=picasaweb.google.com&hl=en_US&feat=flashalbum&RGB=0x000000&feed=http%3A%2F%2Fpicasaweb.google.com%2Fdata%2Ffeed%2Fapi%2Fuser%2Falidimshawy%2Falbumid%2F5428461135579310465%3Falt%3Drss%26kind%3Dphoto%26hl%3Den_US" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer"></embed>
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Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-56634932602327409432009-09-21T14:19:00.001+03:002022-11-08T17:55:35.864+03:00How to easily achieve a Shop Drawings Production process?<script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9618586184657789"
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1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>General Instructions for Architects:<o:p></o:p></h1>
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Please find below the routine check list of each stage of an architectural project named X and adopt as a work methodology:<o:p></o:p></h4>
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Typical Stages of an architectural Project X:<o:p></o:p></h1>
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1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Initiating Architectural X<o:p></o:p></h2>
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(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>Prepare initial log of drawings<o:p></o:p></h3>
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(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span> Architectural job initial plan<o:p></o:p></h3>
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(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span> Prepare initial List of Project Rooms. <o:p></o:p></h3>
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(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span> Create a filing system following CP's Standards<o:p></o:p></h3>
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(e)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span> Preparing CAD file X0 including:<o:p></o:p></h3>
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<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>The typical layers i.e.; Grid lines, brick wall, concrete, marble, ceiling , furniture, fixtures, text, dimension and etc all tied in saved layer statuses.<o:p></o:p></h4>
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<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>(ii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Dimension and text styles for the expected scales.<o:p></o:p></h4>
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<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>(iii)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>A Plot style for each discipline and scale i.e.; Floor Finish Plan, Wall Finish, Ceiling Plan, details and etc.<o:p></o:p></h4>
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<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>(iv)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>standard mark-up formats for details, section references and etc.<o:p></o:p></h4>
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<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>(v)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Different scale title blocks.<o:p></o:p></h4>
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<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span>(vi)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Layouts, Viewports, dimension styles and text styles for different scale print-outs.<o:p></o:p></h4>
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2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Starting-Up Project X<o:p></o:p></h2>
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(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span> Prepare Final approved log of drawings<o:p></o:p></h3>
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(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span> Architectural job Final approved plan<o:p></o:p></h3>
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(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span> Prepare Final approved List of Project Rooms. <o:p></o:p></h3>
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(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span> Prepare Doors and Windows schedule <o:p></o:p></h3>
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(e)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span> Prepare Final approved Room Finishing Schedule<o:p></o:p></h3>
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3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Planning and Controlling Project X<o:p></o:p></h2>
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(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Weekly progress report. <o:p></o:p></h3>
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(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Team members Daily To Do Lists <o:p></o:p></h3>
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(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Receive drawings from drafting team<o:p></o:p></h3>
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(d)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Review Drawings<o:p></o:p></h3>
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(e)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Revise Drawings<o:p></o:p></h3>
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(f)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Final Review <o:p></o:p></h3>
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(g)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Submit the drawing<o:p></o:p></h3>
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(h)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Update the plan<o:p></o:p></h3>
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(i)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Update the log of the drawings<o:p></o:p></h3>
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(j)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>Update Drawings Soft Copy in Sever<o:p></o:p></h3>
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4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>Closing Project X<o:p></o:p></h2>
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(a)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 8pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span>Get the approval letter<o:p></o:p></h3>
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(b)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span> Get the approved hard copy of the dawings<o:p></o:p></h3>
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(c)<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span> Hand over all the final documents<o:p></o:p></h3>
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Note: <o:p></o:p></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol";">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">It had been noted that most of our draftsmen either refuse or do not know how to make use of some of the most helpful AutoCAD features such as : view ports , Layers II tool bar and etc; it is the responsibility of the assigned architect to teach his team and make sure they are implementing the useful experience from him or her.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "symbol";">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span>In case you need any help to achieve the above please do not hesitate to contact the Sr. Architect.</div>
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2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span>General Instructions for drafting team:<o:p></o:p></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">1.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">Use the approved consistent layers and plot styles for each package drawings.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">2.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">Cloud and Mark up each single new change.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">3.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">Update the Title Blocks as you go.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">4.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">Update the saved CAD files on server.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">5.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">Keep Saving back-up files of your work in your PCs.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">6.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">Prior to printing, Have a quick look on the soft copy to make sure that all the required changes are already done.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">7.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">Print drawings for internal review on the smallest readable paper size.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">8.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">Report any mismatching between the files you are using and the system created and followed by the team.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">9.<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "sakkal majalla";">Handover a Soft Copy along with the hard copy to the team leader for each review.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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Ali M. Ali</div>
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Sr. Architect</div>
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Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-27974732188871842072009-08-19T13:01:00.001+03:002020-12-20T16:34:50.632+03:00Why Novartis Backed Off from Enterprise SoftwareTable of contents<br />PM 101: CONTEMPORARY PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1<br />TABLE OF CONTENTS 2<br />SUMMARY 3<br />1.WHY WAS NOVARTIS HAVING TROUBLES WITH ITS REQUISITION-TO-PAY PROCESS? 4<br />2.WHAT MANAGEMENT, ORGANISATION, AND TECHNOLOGY FACTORS WERE INVOLVED? 4<br />2.1 Management factors: 5<br />2.2 Organisation Factors: 6<br />2.3 Technology Factors: 6<br />3.WAS THE SOLUTION TO THIS PROBLEM A GOOD ONE? 7<br />4.WHY? 7<br />CONCLUSION 7<br />REFERENCES: 8<br />BIBLIOGRAPHY: 9<br /><br />Summary<br />Change Management is a major challenge may confront any organisational progress when an organisation tries to superimpose a system. Prior to the risk of the new system failure in meeting its goals there are many other risks embedded in expected and unexpected conflicts, lack of enthusiasm to the new system especially with the hygiene seekers and obstacles by the protestants who may feel their current titles threatened by the upcoming change.<br />When this change is an expansive large scale one which may extend to reach different geographical or/and work areas, coordination challenge will rise in the horizon and may enforce the organisation to assign a team especially to handle the job, inserting such a new team will definitely impact the organisation structure and the elations amongst the existing teams.<br />Ensuring success of any change in terms of implementation is one hundred percent a matter of configuration management. This was the learned lesson from “Why Novartis Backed Off from Enterprise Software” case study and this is what will be discussed through this paper.<br /><br />In today’s fast growing market major changes must be applied to the world wide organisations’ communication systems as a response to the need of integrated systems with the ability of covering different departments and crossing geographical borders ensuring the smooth flow of information at relatively low cost.<br /><br />‘ERP is (Enterprise Resource Planning) An integrated information system that serves all departments within an enterprise.’ (PCMAG.COM, 2009)<br />Usually implementing an ERP system aims to Total Cost Reduction by reducing the cost of internal communications, requisition-to-pay process and information exchange.<br /><br />Although ERP may observably help cost reduction which may be big temptation to the upper management, many challenges are embedded in the implementation process some of those are ‘The Need for Business Continuity…Working in Partnership’ (AMEInfo, 2003).<br /><br />Shortage in change management planning and control will definitely lead to failure further to creating unnecessary problems with organisation financials, structure, politics and etc.<br /><br />To avoid these headaches, attention shall be paid to the coming considerations ‘In-house Technical Expertise… Trust Your Consultant … Do Not Over negotiate’ (Karasev, 2009)<br />Change management and configuration management considerations shall be carefully yet strictly implemented when intending to start such a vital yet risky process.<br />1. Why was Novartis having troubles with its requisition-to-pay process?<br />‘It was not a true integrated requisition-to-pay process’ (Overby, 2003).<br />Novartis was having trouble because of the following:<br />• The high cost of its system integration as many processes needed manual processing ‘. . . The company’s existing process for invoicing was inefficient, requiring manual approvals from many different managers’ (Overby, 2004)<br /><br />• Their operations in various countries needed to get tied all together and coordination amongst them needed to be done. ‘. . . were impressed by SAP’s ability to address their industry-specific business requirements as well as the vendor’s superior global service and support network’ (Overby, 2004)<br /><br /><br />2. What management, organisation, and technology factors were involved?<br />Another definition of ERP is : ‘ERP software is multi-module application software that integrates activities across functional departments, from product planning, parts purchasing, inventory control, product distribution, to order tracking’ (Zhang, 2005)<br />Looking at Novartis case study under the light of this definition helps recognising management, organisation, and technology factors were involved.<br /><br />2.1 Management factors:<br /><br />• Lack of Configuration Management.<br />As training on a new system is one of the most critical considerations of a system superimpose; it must be planned and executed prior to the system implementation and unfortunately this was not taken seriously by Novartis leading to a serious conflict.<br />‘...information systems specialists scrimped on training and did not pay sufficient attention to the new system’s impact on business processes.’ (Overby, 2004)<br /><br />• Lack of Motivation.<br />Implementing a new system which is expected to have a serious impact on particular working zones requires proper motivation in order to keep every one on the track. Expected benefits should be highlighted through real life training precedes implementation this would work as a kind of encouragement.<br />In our case staff especially accounts were not ready and when they showed lack of enthusiasm they should be taken seriously by the management, they are the experts in their zone.<br />‘The accounts payable and strategic sourcing departments fingered a recent upgrade to the SAP R/3 financial modules as the source of their financial crisis. ’ (Overby, 2004)<br /><br />• Coordination problems rose ahead.<br />Although the action by Ray Pawlicki, Novartis’s vice president for information and chief information officer to arrange a six months program to foster joint leadership was helpful as it gets the groups to finally start listening to each other, yet it was a late action which if done earlier to the clash would save a lot money and time in stead of leaving each of the groups working in his own silo.<br /><br />• Taking the Wrong Decisions and the Right Ones in a Wrong Way.<br />- Although the information system department is the one to decide only when it is about the implementation technical information decision, they felt free to decide for the accounts when they insisted from their side on applying the new system to all departments assuming that success is a logic result as the system worked in other organisational areas, This was a big common mistake as I assume that visiting the expert of each working area separately is a major key of success which was ignored leading to political problems like the strict refuge by the accounts to the new system.<br />- The two last out comes of the coordination meeting were taken regardless of the software vendor whom should be involved in the decision making as a consultant.<br />‘. .irrespective of the software vendor and that would best support the company’s redesigned purchasing process.’ (Overby, 2004)<br /><br />• Improper Task Assignment against Deadlines, Budgets and Information Systems.<br />When assigning the task of training on the information system specialists should be divided into groups to avoid or at least reduce the impact of their training on their attention to the new system’s impact on business processes because of tight deadlines and limited budget.<br /><br />2.2 Organisation Factors:<br />‘Making effective use of ERP generally means solving problems with business processes and organizational design’ (Scavo, 2004)<br /><br />• The Organisation Chart should be redesigned flexibly to best serve the change period’s requirements; this should be done as a part of the change management plan. It would be better if a place was reserved for a representative of the software vendors who should follow up the process closely and coordinate amongst all related parties avoiding conflicts due to the expected and unexpected misunderstanding of the process requirement and sequence.<br /><br />• The BIM team should be created and showed in the organisational chart earlier so that they would have the opportunity to estimate and report technical problems before they turn into facts. ‘ The information systems department had assigned special staff members to serve as business information managers (BIMs) who could work more closely with end user departments to clarify and support business goals’(Overby, 2004)<br /><br />• Major early coordination amongst various departments should be done before starting SAP up. A process coordinator should be hired to cover the coordination instead of having the information system team over loaded trying to win two battles in two zones a time.<br /><br />2.3 Technology Factors:<br />‘The system is good, but it's being used ineffectively’ (Scavo, 2004)<br /><br />• Communication:<br />It was clear since the job started that Novartis was confronting internal and external communication problems and fixing them was the heart and the soul of the intended software implementation.<br />‘Somewhere in the process of paying invoices, payments were being held, and a backlog of overdue bills was building. A few vendors even withheld credit from the company.’ (Overby, 2004)<br />Lack of communication led to two different approaches by two different teams whom it took very long time to produce something an agreeable solution by both of them.<br />‘The accounts payable and strategic sourcing departments fingered a recent upgrade to the SAP R/3 financial modules as the source of their financial crisis… The information systems staff thought a recent implementation of the SAP R/3 software would solve the problem.’ (Overby, 2004)<br />3. Was the solution to this problem a good one?<br />‘One was to create a new way for the information systems. . . The other outcome was a proposal to improve the purchasing process for Novartis departments so that they would no longer make independent purchases. . . ’ (Overby, 2004)<br /><br />• The answer is yes.<br />4. Why?<br /><br />• The proposed solution could manage one of the expected advantages of SAP if succeeded; this was the cost reduction through selling in larger quantities; around $4 million was saved in six months time. Although this sound very fine but in case they succeeded with SAP the saved amount would be much larger on the long run.<br /><br />• The best of breed solution was simpler and less expensive than the intended process. ‘However, Web service is promising to make the process of connecting best-of-breed applications simpler and less costly than it has been in the past, when complicated interfaces were required to integrate solutions from different vendors.’ (Overby 2003)<br /><br />• Both teams reached an agreed proposal through negotiations which was a good experience for the future. As they were solving their problems together they were creating a healthy communication environment.<br /><br /><br />Conclusion<br /><br />• ERP Implementation is not at all a piece of cake, it requires high standards of awareness of change management, configuration management, flexibility in organisation chart and a lot of training.<br />• ERP may look like the magic lamp in the way of the Total Cost Reduction through saving non necessary cost in today’s world such as the old fashion transportation and correspondence methods yet ERP is not a harsh solution, it can be developed and redesigned to meet each organisation’s needs.<br /><br /><br />References:<br />• PCMAG.COM. July 11, 2009. http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=ERP&i=42727,00.asp (accessed July 11, 2009).<br />• "AMEInfo." How to successfully implement a disaster recovery plan. June 23, 2003. http://www.ameinfo.com/25389.html (accessed July 12, 2009).<br />• Karasev, Andrew. "ERP Implementation: Success Factors." Ezine@rticles.com. July 2009. http://ezinearticles.com/?ERP-Implementation:-Success-Factors&id=53575 (accessed July 09, 2009).<br />• Overby, Stephanie. "Enterprise Application Integration: This Could Be the Start of Something Small." CIO. February 15, 2003. http://www.cio.com/article/31703/Enterprise_Application_Integration_This_Could_Be_the_Start_of_Something_Small?page=2 (accessed July 11, 2009).<br />• Overby, Stephanie. “Can’t We All Just Get Along?” CIO Australia, March 10, 2004 and “SAP Chosen by Novartis as a Major Building Block,” EETimes, June 16, 2003.<br />• Zhang, Bruce. "ERP Definition - A Systems Perspective." www.sysoptima.com. Augost 08, 2005. http://www.sysoptima.com/erp/erp_definition.php (accessed July 10, 2009).<br />• Scavo, Frank. "The Enterprise System Spectator." http://fscavo.blogspot.com. May 31, 2004. http://fscavo.blogspot.com/2004_05_01_fscavo_archive.html#108446344417981237 (accessed July 08, 2009).<br /><br /><br />Bibliography:<br />• Stephanie Overby, “Can’t We All Just Get Along?” CIO Australia, March 10, 2004 and “SAP Chosen by Novartis as a Major Building Block,” EETimes, June 16, 2003.<br />• Paliktzoglou, V.)2009) ‘PM 101 Strategic Context of Project Management Lecture Slides’. Switzerland: Robert Kennedy Collage.2009<br />• Paliktzoglou, V.)2009) ‘PM 102 Project Planning and Control Lecture Slides’. Switzerland: Robert Kennedy Collage.2009<br />• Paliktzoglou, V.)2009) ‘PM 103 Strategic Context of Project Management Lecture Slides’. Switzerland: Robert Kennedy Collage.2009<br />• Paliktzoglou, V.)2009) ‘PM 104 Project Planning and Control Lecture Slides’. Switzerland: Robert Kennedy Collage.2009<br />• Hugh MacMillan, Mahen Tampoe (2001) ‘Strategic Management: Process, Content, and Implementation’ London: Oxford Press<br />• The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (2007). ‘Chapter Eight The Structure and Culture of a Business Organization’. McGraw-Hill Companies 2007<br />• The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (2009). ‘Chapter 11 Organizational Structure’. McGraw-Hill Companies 2009.<br />• Organization and Teamwork Prentice Hall 2007 ‘Excellence in Business’. e3.<br />• Jay R. GALLBRAITH (February 1971) ‘Matrix Organisation Design how to combine Functional and project forms’. Business Horizons.<br />• Maurice Hardaker & Bryan K. Ward, (2003) ‘Getting Things Done, How to Make a Team Work’. Harvard Business Review November-December 1987. USA: EBSCO Publishing<br />• http://campus.college.ch/forum/posts/22898?page=1-11. RKC class forum. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<br />• http://blog.softwareprojects.org/self-organization-esther-derby-1069.html. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<br />• http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Ob-Or/Organizational-Structure.html. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<br />• http://www.orgchart.net/. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<br />• Weihrich, H. and Koontz, H. 1993. ‘Management: A Global Perspective’. 10th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill<br />• http://www.ohl.es/Plantillas/SuperPlantilla.aspx?IdA=121&IdF=96&idM=439&nvl=1. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<br />• http://www.exampleoforganizationalchart.com/hierarchical.php.[accessed on 31 March 2009]Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-54518798412207788092009-07-02T11:26:00.001+03:002022-11-08T17:56:08.825+03:00The Projectized Against The Matrix Organisational Structure<script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9618586184657789"
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</o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;" align="center"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">
</span></u></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> By:Ali Al-Dimshawy
</span></u></b></p><div> It is clear that we are in front of two serious problems here:</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span>Poorly motivated staff.</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span>Early leave of staff seeking more permanent positions.</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal">Let us see what these two problems do with our two organizational structures</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left;"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">1-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><u>While work is organized along “project” lines:<o:p></o:p></u></p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span>It is will known that this kind of structures ‘Leads to poor coordination’ . . .[and]<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>‘Eliminates in-depth competence and technical specialization’ (Duncan, 1979:431)</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span>This structure in its nature does not allow coordination or a bond between project team and the organization, this does not only give the resources the feeling of solitude and being ignorable by the organization, but also it does not help solving work problems as they appear. After while and as a result of lack of necessary coordination the project team will face a considerable number of pending problems this is a tough obstacle in the way of team motivation.</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span>This structure does not encourage the loyalty of the employees as they know that they are going to leave the company once the project is over, and who doesn’t seek a stable safe job?</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;">- <span style=""> </span>And another point is that most of professional resources look at this kind of jobs -from a hit and run point of view- as a platform for gaining experiences for their hopefully coming permanent position; those positions are not always within their current organizations.</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 18pt; text-align: left;">The moral here is such a structure impact badly both loyalty and motivation of project team members.</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">2-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><u>The matrix structure and how it deals with these two problems:<o:p></o:p></u></p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span>No doubt when an employee reports to his organization he knows that he is visible thus he tries his best for improving and proofing his performance as he knows this is the one and the only indicator of the period he can stay safe with his current position or further chasing his career in a stable environment.</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Duncan</st1:city></st1:place> (1979:429) early argued the one of the matrix strengths is the Flexible sharing of human resources across products. This flexible sharing fastens recovery of problems either they are related to work or to resources motivation.</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span>Team motivation is still a case sensitive which needs special care by the management especially in matrix structure as the reorganizing it self can be a motivator by giving the team larger responsibilities and authorities.</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 18pt; text-align: left;">It is important here to say that it is still better to keep using the same resources as possible while superimposing the structure but ‘significant learning must occur before an organization embarks on the transformation . . .’ (Tinnirello, 2001:194)</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: 18pt; text-align: left;">From all of the above I answer the question ‘Is this problem likely to be resolved by simply re-organizing the structure?’ saying yes re-organizing the structure may solve the problem when considering the other effecting factors. Organizations shall be carefully optimistic when applying a matrix structure, ‘It is only when all four-decision rights, information, motivation and structure – are integrated and aligned that an organization effectively executes’ (Galioto, 2006:15) reorganizing is not magic.</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18pt; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">References and Bibliography:<o:p></o:p></span></u></p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Duncan, Robert. (1979)<i> What Is the Right Organization Structure? Decision Tree Analysis Provides the Answer.</i> <span style=""> </span><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Organizational Dynamics. <o:p></o:p></span></p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="Default" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span>Galioto, Frank. (2006).<i>The Matrix Reloaded. The Multi-Axis Organization as Key to Competitive</i> <i>Advantage. </i><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Booz Allen Hamilton Inc.</p><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt; text-align: left;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol;"><span style="">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span>Tinnirello, Paul C. (Editor) (2004) New Directions in Project<i> Management</i>. <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>: Auerbach Publications</p> </div>Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-68856406290639851692009-07-02T11:16:00.003+03:002022-11-08T17:57:42.689+03:00The ideal project manager - First Things First<script async src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9618586184657789"
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text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} @list l1 {mso-list-id:1010837554; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:1926631360 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;} @list l1:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><b><u><span style="font-size:14;">The ideal project manager</span></u></b><u><span style=""> <br />
</span></u></p><p style="text-align: right;" class="MsoNormal"><u><span style=""></span></u><u><span style="font-size:10;">By: Ali Mohammad Ali<o:p></o:p></span></u></p><div style="text-align: center;"></div><p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size:10;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></p><p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal">As a senior architect I am going to assign the characteristics of the ideal project manager,The ideal project manager as I recognize is a person who has the ability of managing a project through its different phases starting from design, planning, construction or production and then final analysis dealing smoothly and professionally with man-power, materials and products either they are software or hardware this leads us to the point of which skills or characteristics he should have in the few coming lines I am going to try ranking those properties of an ideal manager.</p><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></p><div style="text-align: left;"></div><p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal">I would classify the skills of a manager in two major groups first one includes technical skills and the other one includes managerial skills.<u> <br />
</u></p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li><u>Technical skills</u></li>
</ol><div style="text-align: left;"></div><p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal">This kind of skills in my opinion is very vital for managing any process and to better explain my point of view let us take a construction project for example, if a company is handling a project and assigning a project manager who is suffering lack of technical experience, how can he evaluate his team performance? How hard to him would it be to evaluate and analyze the project situation? Of course he will go to apply the theories of management to the reports delivered to him by his team and this would break the communication chain among the team leading to the trap of throwing the ball over-the-fence (see “History of management” p.02by Prof Vasileios Paklitzoglou)</p><div style="text-align: left;"></div><p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal">The moral here is that fair technical background is a must for the following:</p><div style="text-align: left;"></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal">It helps the manager to understand, analyze, and to predict suitable reactions the problems he may face during the time span of his project.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">It enhances communication among his team members.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">It gives the manger the ability of solving unexpected managerial problems rather to effectively interact with those suggestions provide by team members and develop them to applicable ones if they were not.</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: left;"></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left;"><o:p> </o:p></p><div style="text-align: left;"></div><p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal"><u>2- Managerial skills:<o:p></o:p></u></p><div style="text-align: left;"></div><p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal">Besides the technical background an ideal manager must have a group of managerial characteristics here I am counting some of them:</p><div style="text-align: left;"></div><ul style="margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal">Awareness of project management through study and work experience.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">A high standard of communication skills.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The ability of managing a team.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">He must know how to get each of his team(s) members involved in the real team work environment this can be done along working days and by arranging meeting discussing work status and needs.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The ability of hearing other opinions and analyzing them and picking what is useful to the job this enhances self confidence of team members.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">The ability of keeping the sky clear in front of all team members regarding the work scopes and responsibilities of each this requires professionalism of data filtering to know who shall know what and when.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Flexible yet strict personality when dealing with unexpected changes during the time span of the project.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal">Enhancing the competition along with coordination among the teams.</li>
</ul><div style="text-align: left;"></div><p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal">Now it’s time to say that while I was writing my essay I was recalling the image of Mr. Mohammad Abdullah the best manager I’ve heard about.</p><div style="text-align: left;"></div><p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><div style="text-align: left;"></div><p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><div style="text-align: left;"></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt; text-align: left;"><br />
</p></div>Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190454339671860457.post-77369384013052777072009-07-02T10:35:00.001+03:002022-11-08T17:57:16.230+03:00Choosing an organisational structure And TQM implementing procedure<script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-9618586184657789"></script>
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <h1 align="center" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1> <h1 align="center" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1> <h1 align="center" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h1 align="center" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1> <h1 align="center" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;"><a name="_Toc226280197"></a><a name="_Toc226280029"></a><a name="_Toc226279898"></a></h1> <p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 180%; font-weight: bold;">Strategic Context of Project Management</span></span><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16; line-height: 150%;">
</span></i></p><p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 130%;"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="line-height: 150%;">A Case study by:</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: bold; line-height: 150%;">Ali Al-Dimshawy</span></span><i><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 16; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <h2 align="center" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h2> <p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;"><span class="small"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: ";">05 April 2009</span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: ";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: ";">
<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h1 dir="ltr"><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span>
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mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page Section1 {size:595.45pt 841.7pt; margin:39.6pt 90.0pt 28.1pt 90.0pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1; mso-endnote-numbering-style:arabic;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:132718257; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:866966772 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} @list l1 {mso-list-id:1644119294; mso-list-type:hybrid; mso-list-template-ids:-1931806166 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715 67698703 67698713 67698715;} @list l1:level1 {mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults ext="edit" spidmax="1027"> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout ext="edit"> <o:idmap ext="edit" data="1"> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </p><h1 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226279900"></a><a name="_Toc226279899"></a><a name="_Toc226178306"></a><a name="_Toc226009120"></a><a name="_Toc226008995"></a><a name="_Toc226008878"></a><a name="_Toc226008784"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="EN-GB"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><a name="_Toc226280199"></a><a name="_Toc226280198"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">Table of contents</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" style="'mso-ansi-language:EN-GB'"><span style="'mso-spacerun:yes'"> </span>TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u <span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></h1> <p class="MsoToc1" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280200"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB">Summary</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span>. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280200 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>3<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200300030000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280201"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB">Answer of Question 01:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280201 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200300031000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280202"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB">Choosing an organisational structure:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280202 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200300032000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-variant: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280203"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>(1-A) The project cost influence:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280203 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200300033000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280204"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>(1-B) The project schedule influence:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280204 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>4<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200300034000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280205"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>(1-C) The project duration influence:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280205 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>5<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200300035000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280206"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>(1-D) The technology requirements influence:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280206 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>5<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200300036000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280207"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>(1-E) The geographical locations influence:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280207 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>5<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200300037000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280208"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>(1-F) The required working relationships with the client influence:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280208 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>6<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200300038000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280209"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB">Conclusion:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280209 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>6<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200300039000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-variant: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280210"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB">Answer of Question 02:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280210 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>7<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200310030000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280211"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>(2-A) TQM implementing procedure at GPCC:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280211 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>7<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200310031000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-variant: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc2" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280212"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>(2-B) TQM implementing barriers at GPCC:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280212 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>7<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200310032000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-variant: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280213"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>(2-B-1) GPCC Organisational Culture:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280213 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>7<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200310033000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280214"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>(2-B-2) GPCC Organisational Structure:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280214 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>8<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200310034000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc3" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280215"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr"></span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>(2-B-3) Disregarding the internal customers:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280215 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>8<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200310035000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280216"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB">References:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280216 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>9<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200310036000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoToc1" dir="rtl"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=190454339671860457&postID=7736938401305277707#_Toc226280217"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="ltr" lang="EN-GB">Bibliography:</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">PAGEREF</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> _</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="EN-GB" dir="LTR" style="';color:windowtext;">Toc226280217 \h</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="'font-size:12.0pt;mso-ansi-display:font-size:10.0pt;color:windowtext;"><span dir="RTL"></span> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"><span lang="AR-SA" dir="LTR" style="'font-size:"><span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span dir="rtl"></span><span lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; display: none; font-size: 12; text-decoration: none;"><span dir="rtl"></span>10<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:data>08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E0000005F0054006F0063003200320036003200380030003200310037000000</w:data> </xml><![endif]--></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-size: 12; font-weight: normal; text-transform: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <h1 dir="ltr"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279900'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226279899'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226178306'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226009120'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008995'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008878'"><span style="'mso-bookmark:_Toc226008784'"></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="'mso-element:field-end'"></span><![endif]--><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><a name="_Toc226280200"></a><a name="_Toc226279901"></a><a name="_Toc226280031"></a><a name="_Toc226280030"></a><span><span><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">Summary</span></span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14; line-height: 150%;">Question 01:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">An organisation structure is the Bible of individuals’ roles and relationships, when designing a structure of an organisation the focus shall be placed on its compatibility with the intended work, the kills of resources and the integrity amongst team work,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">Some parameters have different ranges of influence on the organisational structure <span> </span>(i.e. project cost, the project schedule, the project duration, the technology requirements, the geographical locations and the required working relationships with the client), the thesis is discussing how deep and different each of those parameters effects the design of organisational structure.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr"><b><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: maroon; font-family: ";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14; line-height: 150%;">Question 02:<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">In May 2004 Neil Johnston the English PM with Gulf Precast Concrete Company the cladding subcontractor at The Dubai Mall project - a part of Burj Dubai the $20 Billion project- proposed a TQM plan and submitted it to GPCC’s CEO.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">The procedure of TQM implementation did not flow smoothly; it confronted some internal barriers like organisation culture, organisational structure and others.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">This thesis is going to dig the story trying to highlight the followed procedure comparing to Vasilieos 12 step proposal and barriers confronted TQM implementation within such a large scale construction project.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12;"> </span> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h1 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280201"></a><a name="_Toc226280032"></a><a name="_Toc226279902"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">Answer of Question 01:</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><b><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: maroon; font-family: ";"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></b></p> <h2 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280202"></a><a name="_Toc226280033"></a><a name="_Toc226279903"></a><a name="_Toc226008881"><span><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">Choosing an organisational structure:</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Organization Chart is ‘The framework of task and authority relationships in a company’ (</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 10; line-height: 150%;">McGraw</span><span lang="EN-GB">, 2009: 08) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Mainly there are two formats to choose among for an organisational structure; the functional structure which ‘is one on which the tasks, people, and technologies necessary to do the work of the business are divided into separate “Functional” groups’ (McGraw-Hill, 2009:07), the hierarchical which is also called the product or project structure and considered as the typical format of small projects as it is similar to the functional one except functional division is replaced by product lines divisions. However both structures have something in common that is all departments leaders are connected directly to a project manager who plays the bridge between the project and the organisation. One hybrid of these two formats is always possible and called the matrix structure which allows managers to work in two organizational dimensions, producing high standards of management and control.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280203"></a><a name="_Toc226280034"></a><a name="_Toc226279904"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">(1-A) The project cost influence:</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">According to Galbraith, 1973 ‘The other factor favouring a functional form is the degree to which the expensive equipment in manufacturing …’ (Galbraith, 1971:39)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">As the functional structure provides a stand alone financial department which has a better opportunity to manage particular budgeting and cost control in each functional zone, so as long as it is all about cost influence the functional structure will be the best for an organisation. Once other factors like the projects sizes, complexity and/or geographical location are involved, considering a matrix structure is a must.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280204"></a><a name="_Toc226280035"></a><a name="_Toc226279905"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">(1-B) The project schedule influence:</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">When scheduling is the cornerstone of a project, picking the product structure would be the first option as it keeps the focus tracking a product through its design, manufacturing and marketing phases. Whilst functional structure focuses more on discipline rather than program oriented as it zooms in individual performance of resources within a department more than looking at the production procedure as a whole. <!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><a name="_Toc226280205"><span class="Heading3Char"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13; line-height: 150%;">(1-C) The project duration influence:</span></span></a><span class="Heading3Char"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 13; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">When talking about time saving and control, the preferable structure would be the projectized as it supplies rapid reactions and time making through the relatively shorter decision making track which ends in the PM hands instead of explicit need of coordination amongst functional managers which leads to ad hoc time predicting.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">One of the functional charts disadvantages is the weakness of project authority because of it doesn’t provide sufficient horizontal communication.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280206"></a><a name="_Toc226280036"></a><a name="_Toc226279906"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">(1-D) The technology requirements influence:</span></span></span></a><a name="OLE_LINK2"></a><a name="OLE_LINK1"></a><span><span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">When the need of new or complicated technologies rises in a project and when these new technologies are too complicated to be controlled by the PM, a specialist shall be invited to join the team and may be to lead a team of technicians with sufficient authorities of decision making. Such a team cannot be contained in a projectized structure where the full authority and power is in PM’s hands then efficient use of specialists is not provided.<span> </span>Here the Functional Chart announces readiness for giving help.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">This was argued by Galbraith, 1971 ‘The use of new technologies requires expertise in technical specialities…to make effective use of expertise the Functional form of organisation is superior’ (Galbraith, 1971:39)</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280207"></a><a name="_Toc226280037"></a><a name="_Toc226279907"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">(1-E) The geographical locations influence:</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Almost two cases for the geographical locations exist, the first is the project is fully located in one location where other factors but geographical may impact the choice of a structure as explained above.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">The other case is when project/s is distributed over more than one country or region where over all control is still needed, in this case the superior structure is the Matrix which combines the traditional functional structure with horizontal lines reflecting the interface between heads of departments and managers of areas.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">However a specific Matrix called Geographical Matrix Chart was designed and developed by international companies to cover their needs of management their overseas jobs.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280208"></a><a name="_Toc226280038"></a><a name="_Toc226279908"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">(1-F) The required working relationships with the client influence:</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">The relationship needed with the client varies between being a single point contact relationship to having the focus totally on him; this depends on the nature of the product and the clearness of client inquiries and specifications and many other factors. Projectized structures will best serve in the case of the single point customer contact and a PM in that case will be this point of contact that helps keeping the client feeling better towards work procedure as it keeps him updated along project duration. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Vasileios, 2009 counted among the disadvantages of functional structure: ‘The client is not the focus of activity and concern’ as this structure looks at activities through their functions only.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">However I have been working as a project coordinator for an organization which used a matrix structure including a coordination department to contact the client with the organization. This structure from my point of view worked very well in this regard and filled in the gap between the different parties.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280209"></a><a name="_Toc226280039"></a><a name="_Toc226279909"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">Conclusion:</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">It is still remaining to say that a fixed tip of advice regarding picking an organisational structure does not exist as each project has its unique circumstances so that the best term which may describe choosing a structure for an organization is to design it as per project needs, especially if speaking about medium and large scale projects where none of the two pure simple structures (functional and projectized) can help and a matrix structure shall be adopted.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB">Anyway a structure may be modified or even superimposed if needed to, so that a highly flexible vision shall attend during the project execution duration.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "; font-size: 16; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b> <h1 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280210"></a><a name="_Toc226280040"></a><a name="_Toc226279910"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">Answer of Question 02:</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h1> <h2 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280211"></a><a name="_Toc226280041"></a><a name="_Toc226279911"></a><a name="_Toc226008889"></a><a name="_Toc226008795"><span><span><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">(2-A) TQM implementing procedure at GPCC</span></span></span></span></span></a><span><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">:</span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h2> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr"><span lang="EN-GB">‘TQM is a tool for continuous improvement that both improves quality and reduces cost’ (Hamilton & Preston, 1993:04)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">Between January 2003 and June 2005 I was working as a sr. architect with GPCC at The Dubai Mall construction project where the company suffered lack of having a uniform quality system then. On May 2004 Neil Johnston the PM suggested to start implementing TQM system. Once the idea was announced, argument amongst project team about its implementation, benefits and obstacles rose up. Neil submitted his plan to the CEO and other internal departments’ managers. His report included assignments of tasks proposal, expected barriers analysis and the over all benefits, However after lot of meetings, calls and correspondence the CEO approved the idea and the following roles were agreed:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">CEO was to ‘outline the Vision Statement, Mission Statement, & Guiding Principles [and to] create [and head] a steering committee’. (Vasilieos, 1996:10)</span><span lang="EN-GB"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">HR department was to arrange educational courses for the upper management in order to get them as aware as possible of the process procedure. It took the HR six months to accomplish the job with 40% efficiency as some of the employees were not interested to join an educational course.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">PM was to manage the in field progress and to hire a Total Quality engineer who would ‘focus on the Owner/Customer (External) & Surveys’ (Vasilieos, 1996:10)</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">TQM committee was to ‘Implement Process Improvements’ (Vasilieos, 1996:10)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">The project team was to ‘Use the Tools of TQM [and finally to] Know the Benefits of TQM’<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">Looking at Vasilieos lecture slides we would see that three out of<span> </span>the twelve ‘Steps in implementing TQM’ (Vasilieos, 1996:10) were not included in the above mentioned roles assignment; ‘Consider the Employees as an Internal Owners/customers [and] Provide a Quality Training Program [and] Establish Quality Improvement Teams’ (Vasilieos, 1996:10)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">Why those steps were not taken? Why were not all the taken steps performed with 100% efficiency? The answer of these two questions may cover the barriers of TQM implementation process.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">According to (Hau, 2000: 85-86, 88) the barriers include the following ‘Inability to Change Organizational Culture [and] Incompatible Organizational Structure and Isolated Individuals and Departments [and] Paying Inadequate Attention to Internal … Customers [and] Inadequate Use of Empowerment and Teamwork’. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h2 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280212"></a><a name="_Toc226280042"></a><a name="_Toc226279912"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">(2-B) TQM implementing barriers at GPCC:</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h2> <h3 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280213"></a><a name="_Toc226280043"></a><a name="_Toc226279913"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">(2-B-1) GPCC Organisational Culture:</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">In our project I would say that GPCC had all over UAE reputation of being the company of managers; it was over managed as the stronger one fought, the bigger his opportunity to manage a department was. In such an organisational culture managers did not find the necessity of learning new techniques. They were managers because they were politically strong, in other words they were neither motivated nor strictly enforced to share the new TQM implementation process.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280214"></a><a name="_Toc226280044"></a><a name="_Toc226279914"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">(2-B-2) GPCC Organisational Structure:</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">Because it was almost a Passive-Aggressive organisation with fully plugged channels between managers and other employees, communications means were to stay poor and non sufficient to carry the message to and from most of the project team members. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">Individuals further to departments were isolated and out of the game.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280215"></a><a name="_Toc226280045"></a><a name="_Toc226279915"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">(2-B-3) Disregarding the internal customers:</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">Ignoring providing motivators to those isolated individuals, the GPCC upper management insisted on disregarding one of the pillars of TQM which assumes that every one’s a customer either internal or external and the main job is to guarantee your customers satisfaction.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">Simple motivation here could be done by sharing the concept and importance of TQM but poor communication which was a result of organisation culture caused poor education within the project fence.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">(Padhi, 2002: 01) illustrated figure 01 and explained that ‘To be successful implementing TQM, an organization must concentrate on the eight key elements…’ <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t202" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:path gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t202" style="'position:absolute;" stroked="f"> <v:textbox style="'mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1026'/"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 147px; position: absolute; width: 100px; z-index: 251657728;"> </span></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td bg="" height="41" style="-moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; background: none 0% 0% repeat scroll white; color: white; vertical-align: top;" width="100"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 251657728;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><!--[endif]--> <div class="shape" shape="_x0000_s1026" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal" dir="ltr">Figure (01)</p> </div> <!--[if !mso]--></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td> </tr> </tbody></table><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 147px; position: absolute; width: 100px; z-index: 251657728;"> </span><!--[endif]--><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrmmMTaHh4ew8bT6bgQBT2SDaClZGGLsdVw-dGaXQDDQCRT7XT7i9s9pafqIkLxFSg-p7ZOeLKedFTMD2OqeqxFK4F7ha3eEaAXqVMyakP_WKA9yrbFb2yJUGs2uS0WMTtJKOoWRmg0L8/s1600-h/untitled.bmp" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353767160266084402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrmmMTaHh4ew8bT6bgQBT2SDaClZGGLsdVw-dGaXQDDQCRT7XT7i9s9pafqIkLxFSg-p7ZOeLKedFTMD2OqeqxFK4F7ha3eEaAXqVMyakP_WKA9yrbFb2yJUGs2uS0WMTtJKOoWRmg0L8/s320/untitled.bmp" style="cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 240px; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; width: 317px;" /></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">In our real life GPCC case study we found defects in integrity, teamwork, recognition and above all of those lack of communication which Padhi considered the body and the soul of TQM.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">The moral here is that GPCC could not reach 100% TQM further to client’s complete satisfaction yet the talented Neil Johnston could hardly get the approval on the work constructed in site and at the end GPCC hardly survived the project.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">Although the medicine of this entire headache was just here, If GPCC only paid attention to these figured eight elements it could overcome the barriers to proper TQM implementation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">The process needed more involvement of all concerned individuals by assigning clear role to each resource, clarifying the benefits of TQM to the resources, motivating them by using considerable incentives and supplying them with proper communication means and work environment.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText3" dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12;">This does not mean that the TQM had failed to meet its benefits but it means that GPCC failed to implement it properly.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "; font-size: 12; line-height: 150%;"> </span> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280216"></a><a name="_Toc226280046"></a><a name="_Toc226279916"><span><span><span class="Heading1Char"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16; line-height: 150%;">References:</span></span></span></span></a><span class="Heading1Char"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 16; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>1.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (200</span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="rtl"></span>9</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>).<i> ‘The Structure and Culture of a Business Organization - The framework of task and authority relationships in a company -chapter 8’</i>. McGraw-Hill Companies 2005<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>2.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (200</span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="rtl"></span>9</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>). ‘<i>Organizational Structure- chapter11’</i>. McGraw-Hill Companies 2005<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>3.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Jay R. Galbraith (February 1971). ‘<i>Matrix Organisation Designs How To Combine Functional And Project Forms</i>’. <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region> .Buisiness Horizon 2001<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>4.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Bruce E. Hamilton &<st1:place st="on">Preston</st1:place> G. Smith CMC (1993). ‘<i>Implementing TQM on a shoestring</i>’. Journal of management consulting, Volume 07, no-4 fall 1993<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>5.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Paliktzoglou, V.</span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-EG">)</span><span lang="EN-GB">1996). ‘<i>Total Quality Management: A Continuous Improvement Process</i> ’. PM 104 Strategic Context of Project Managemnt <span> </span><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Switzerland</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Robert Kennedy Collage.2009<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>6.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB">Frederick Hau (<span style="text-decoration: underline;">June 1,2001</span><a href="http://www.rechargermag.com/mcv/read/magazine/archives/results/?issueDate=6%2f1%2f2000"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;"></span></a>) · ‘<i>The Brighter Company’</i> · <u><a href="http://www.rechargermag.com/articles/32700/"><span style="color: black;">http://www.rechargermag.com/articles/32700/</span></a></u> [Accessed on 31 march 2009].<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>7.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Nayantara Padhi (30 December 2002). ‘The Eight Elements of TQM’. <i>iSixSigma.com. </i><span> </span><a href="http://www.isixsigma.com/library/content/c021230a.asp">http://www.isixsigma.com/library/content/c021230a.asp</a> [Accessed 31 march 2009]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "; font-size: 16; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b> <h1 dir="ltr"><a name="_Toc226280217"></a><a name="_Toc226280047"></a><a name="_Toc226279917"><span><span><span lang="EN-GB">Bibliography:</span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>1.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Paliktzoglou, V.</span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="rtl"></span>)</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>2009) </span><span lang="EN-GB">‘</span><i><span lang="EN-GB">PM 104 <a href="http://campus.college.ch/courses/index/152"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Strategic Context of Project Management</span></a> Lecture Slides</span></i><span lang="EN-GB">’. <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Switzerland</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Robert Kennedy Collage.2009<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>2.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Paliktzoglou, V.</span><span dir="rtl"></span><span dir="rtl" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="rtl"></span>)</span><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><span dir="ltr"></span>2009) <a name="_Toc225577325">‘<i>PM 103 Project Planning and </i></a><i>Control Lecture Slides</i>’. <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Switzerland</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Robert Kennedy Collage.2009<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>3.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.alibris.com/search/books/author/MacMillan%2C%20Hugh"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Hugh MacMillan, Mahen Tampoe</span></a> (2001) ‘<i>Strategic Management: Process, Content, and Implementation</i>’ <st1:city st="on">London</st1:city>: <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Oxford</st1:place></st1:city> Press <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>4.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (2007). ‘<i>Chapter Eight The Structure and Culture of a Business Organization</i>’. McGraw-Hill Companies 2007<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>5.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (2009). ‘<i>Chapter 11 Organizational Structure</i>’. McGraw-Hill Companies 2009.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>6.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Organization and Teamwork Prentice Hall 2007 ‘<i>Excellence in Business</i>’. e3.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>7.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Jay R. GALLBRAITH (February 1971) ‘<i>Matrix Organisation Design how to combine Functional and project forms</i>’. Business Horizons.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>8.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Maurice Hardaker & Bryan K. Ward, (2003) ‘Getting<i> Things Done, How to Make a Team Work</i>’. Harvard Business Review November-December 1987. <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>: EBSCO Publishing<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>9.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (2005) ‘<i>Contemporary Management Chapter 10b External and internal organization structures</i>’. McGraw-Hill Companies 2005<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>10.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">C.J.Middleton,(2000) ‘<i> How to Set Up a Project Organisation</i>’ .HBR March-April 1967<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>11.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Duncan, Robert. (1979) ‘<i>What Is the Right Organization Structure? Decision Tree Analysis Provides the Answer</i>’.<span> </span><st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Organizational Dynamics.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>12.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Galioto, et al. (2006).’<i>The Matrix Reloaded The Multi-Axis Organization as Key to Competitive Advantage’. </i><span> </span><st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">USA</st1:country-region></st1:place>: Booz Allen Hamilton Inc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>13.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Tinnirello, Paul C. ‘(2004) ‘<i>New Directions in Project Management</i>’. <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">USA</st1:place></st1:country-region>: Auerbach Publications<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>14.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Mechanic, David. "<i>Removing Barriers to Care Among Persons with Psychiatric Symptoms</i>." Health Affairs, 23.6: (2004).Retrieved February 13, 2005: <http: clin_mod="" com="" ddc="" htm="">
Mentally Ill Patients <o:p></o:p></http:></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>15.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">"<i>Total Quality management Glossary</i>" Retrieved From http://quality.org/TQM-MSI/TQM-glossary.html Accessed on 21 December, 2004
Total Quality Management <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>16.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Damodar Y. Golhar, Deshpande, Satish P. Ahire & Sanjay L. <i>"Supervisors role in TQM and non-TQM firms</i>"
Total Quality Management <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>17.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="DE">Bauerschmidt, Alan, Daniel Sullivan, & Kate Gillespie (1985). </span><span lang="EN-GB">"<i>Common Factors Underlying Barriers to Export: Studies in the <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">U.S.</st1:place></st1:country-region> Paper Industry,</i>" Journal of International Business Studies (Fall), 111-123
Tariffs and Non-Tariff Barriers (NTF) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>18.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://campus.college.ch/forum/posts/22898?page=1-11"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://campus.college.ch/forum/posts/22898?page=1-11</span></a>. RKC class forum. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>19.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://blog.softwareprojects.org/self-organization-esther-derby-1069.html"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://blog.softwareprojects.org/self-organization-esther-derby-1069.html</span></a>. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>20.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Ob-Or/Organizational-Structure.html" target="_parent"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Ob-</span></a><a href="http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Ob-Or/Organizational-Structure.html" target="_parent"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Or/Organizational-Structure.html</span></a>. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>21.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.orgchart.net/" target="_parent"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.orgchart.net/</span></a>. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>22.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">Weihrich, H. and Koontz, H. 1993. <i>‘Management: A Global Perspective</i>’. 10th edition. <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">New York</st1:place></st1:state>: McGraw-Hill<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB"><span>23.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.ohl.es/Plantillas/SuperPlantilla.aspx?IdA=121&IdF=96&idM=439&nvl=1" target="_parent"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">http://www.ohl.es/Plantillas/SuperPlantilla.aspx?IdA=121&IdF=96&idM=</span></a><a href="http://www.ohl.es/Plantillas/SuperPlantilla.aspx?IdA=121&IdF=96&idM=439&nvl=1" target="_parent"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">439&nvl=1</span></a>. [accessed on 31 March 2009]<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" dir="ltr" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 6pt 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB"><span>24.<span style="font-family: "; font-size: 7;"> </span></span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="ltr"></span><span lang="EN-GB">http://www.exampleoforganizationalchart.com/hierarchical.php. [accessed on 31 March 2009<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"> </span>]<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p></p> </div>Ali Al-Dimshawyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17676595713854041992noreply@blogger.com5